[engine] [bug]

Fixed an issue whereby if the dialect “initialize” process which occurs on first connect would encounter an unexpected exception, the initialize process would fail to complete and then no longer attempt on subsequent connection attempts, leaving the dialect in an un-initialized, or partially initialized state, within the scope of parameters that need to be established based on inspection of a live connection. The “invoke once” logic in the event system has been reworked to accommodate for this occurrence using new, private API features that establish an “exec once” hook that will continue to allow the initializer to fire off on subsequent connections, until it completes without raising an exception. This does not impact the behavior of the existing once=True flag within the event system.

References: #4807

[postgresql] [bug]

Revised the approach for the just added support for the psycopg2 “execute_values()” feature added in 1.3.7 for #4623. The approach relied upon a regular expression that would fail to match for a more complex INSERT statement such as one which had subqueries involved. The new approach matches exactly the string that was rendered as the VALUES clause.

References: #4623

[sqlite] [bug] [reflection]

Fixed bug where a FOREIGN KEY that was set up to refer to the parent table by table name only without the column names would not correctly be reflected as far as setting up the “referred columns”, since SQLite’s PRAGMA does not report on these columns if they weren’t given explicitly. For some reason this was harcoded to assume the name of the local column, which might work for some cases but is not correct. The new approach reflects the primary key of the referred table and uses the constraint columns list as the referred columns list, if the remote column(s) aren’t present in the reflected pragma directly.

References: #4810

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression caused by new selectinload for many-to-one logic where a primaryjoin condition not based on real foreign keys would cause KeyError if a related object did not exist for a given key value on the parent object.

References: #4777

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where using Query.first() or a slice expression in conjunction with a query that has an expression based “offset” applied would raise TypeError, due to an “or” conditional against “offset” that did not expect it to be a SQL expression as opposed to an integer or None.

References: #4803

[sql] [bug]

Fixed issue where Index object which contained a mixture of functional expressions which were not resolvable to a particular column, in combination with string-based column names, would fail to initialize its internal state correctly leading to failures during DDL compilation.

References: #4778

[sql] [bug]

Fixed bug where TypeEngine.column_expression() method would not be applied to subsequent SELECT statements inside of a UNION or other CompoundSelect, even though the SELECT statements are rendered at the topmost level of the statement. New logic now differentiates between rendering the column expression, which is needed for all SELECTs in the list, vs. gathering the returned data type for the result row, which is needed only for the first SELECT.

References: #4787

[sql] [bug]

Fixed issue where internal cloning of SELECT constructs could lead to a key error if the copy of the SELECT changed its state such that its list of columns changed. This was observed to be occurring in some ORM scenarios which may be unique to 1.3 and above, so is partially a regression fix.

References: #4780

[postgresql] [usecase]

Added new dialect flag for the psycopg2 dialect, executemany_mode which supersedes the previous experimental use_batch_mode flag. executemany_mode supports both the “execute batch” and “execute values” functions provided by psycopg2, the latter which is used for compiled insert() constructs. Pull request courtesy Yuval Dinari.

References: #4623

[mysql] [usecase]

Added reserved words ARRAY and MEMBER to the MySQL reserved words list, as MySQL 8.0 has now made these reserved.

References: #4783

[mysql] [bug]

The MySQL dialects will emit “SET NAMES” at the start of a connection when charset is given to the MySQL driver, to appease an apparent behavior observed in MySQL 8.0 that raises a collation error when a UNION includes string columns unioned against columns of the form CAST(NULL AS CHAR(..)), which is what SQLAlchemy’s polymorphic_union function does. The issue seems to have affected PyMySQL for at least a year, however has recently appeared as of mysqlclient 1.4.4 based on changes in how this DBAPI creates a connection. As the presence of this directive impacts three separate MySQL charset settings which each have intricate effects based on their presense, SQLAlchemy will now emit the directive on new connections to ensure correct behavior.

References: #4804

[mysql] [bug]

Added another fix for an upstream MySQL 8 issue where a case sensitive table name is reported incorrectly in foreign key constraint reflection, this is an extension of the fix first added for #4344 which affects a case sensitive column name. The new issue occurs through MySQL 8.0.17, so the general logic of the 88718 fix remains in place.

References: #4751

[sqlite] [bug]

The dialects that support json are supposed to take arguments json_serializer and json_deserializer at the create_engine() level, however the SQLite dialect calls them _json_serilizer and _json_deserilalizer. The names have been corrected, the old names are accepted with a change warning, and these parameters are now documented as create_engine.json_serializer and create_engine.json_deserializer.

References: #4798

[mssql] [usecase]

Added new mssql.try_cast() construct for SQL Server which emits “TRY_CAST” syntax. Pull request courtesy Leonel Atencio.

References: #4782

[bug] [events]

Fixed issue in event system where using the once=True flag with dynamically generated listener functions would cause event registration of future events to fail if those listener functions were garbage collected after they were used, due to an assumption that a listened function is strongly referenced. The “once” wrapped is now modified to strongly reference the inner function persistently, and documentation is updated that using “once” does not imply automatic de-registration of listener functions.

References: #4794

[orm] [feature]

Added new loader option method Load.options() which allows loader options to be constructed hierarchically, so that many sub-options can be applied to a particular path without needing to call defaultload() many times. Thanks to Alessio Bogon for the idea.

References: #4736

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression caused by #4365 where a join from an entity to itself without using aliases no longer raises an informative error message, instead failing on an assertion. The informative error condition has been restored.

References: #4773

[orm] [bug]

Fixed an issue where the orm._ORMJoin.join() method, which is a not-internally-used ORM-level method that exposes what is normally an internal process of Query.join(), did not propagate the full and outerjoin keyword arguments correctly. Pull request courtesy Denis Kataev.

References: #4713

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where a many-to-one relationship that specified uselist=True would fail to update correctly during a primary key change where a related column needs to change.

References: #4772

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where the detection for many-to-one or one-to-one use with a “dynamic” relationship, which is an invalid configuration, would fail to raise if the relationship were configured with uselist=True. The current fix is that it warns, instead of raises, as this would otherwise be backwards incompatible, however in a future release it will be a raise.

References: #4772

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where a synonym created against a mapped attribute that does not exist yet, as is the case when it refers to backref before mappers are configured, would raise recursion errors when trying to test for attributes on it which ultimately don’t exist (as occurs when the classes are run through Sphinx autodoc), as the unconfigured state of the synonym would put it into an attribute not found loop.

References: #4767

[orm] [performance]

The optimization applied to selectin loading in #4340 where a JOIN is not needed to eagerly load related items is now applied to many-to-one relationships as well, so that only the related table is queried for a simple join condition. In this case, the related items are queried based on the value of a foreign key column on the parent; if these columns are deferred or otherwise not loaded on any of the parent objects in the collection, the loader falls back to the JOIN method.

References: #4775

[engine] [bug]

Fixed bug where using reflection function such as MetaData.reflect() with an Engine object that had execution options applied to it would fail, as the resulting OptionEngine proxy object failed to include a .engine attribute used within the reflection routines.

References: #4754

[sql] [bug]

Adjusted the initialization for Enum to minimize how often it invokes the .__members__ attribute of a given PEP-435 enumeration object, to suit the case where this attribute is expensive to invoke, as is the case for some popular third party enumeration libraries.

References: #4758

[sql] [bug] [postgresql]

Fixed issue where the array_agg construct in combination with FunctionElement.filter() would not produce the correct operator precedence in combination with the array index operator.

References: #4760

[sql] [bug]

Fixed an unlikely issue where the “corresponding column” routine for unions and other CompoundSelect objects could return the wrong column in some overlapping column situtations, thus potentially impacting some ORM operations when set operations are in use, if the underlying select() constructs were used previously in other similar kinds of routines, due to a cached value not being cleared.

References: #4747

[postgresql] [usecase]

Added support for reflection of indexes on PostgreSQL partitioned tables, which was added to PostgreSQL as of version 11.

References: #4771

[postgresql] [usecase]

Added support for multidimensional Postgresql array literals via nesting the postgresql.array object within another one. The multidimensional array type is detected automatically.

References: #4756

[mysql] [bug]

Fixed bug where the special logic to render “NULL” for the TIMESTAMP datatype when nullable=True would not work if the column’s datatype were a TypeDecorator or a Variant. The logic now ensures that it unwraps down to the original TIMESTAMP so that this special case NULL keyword is correctly rendered when requested.

References: #4743

[mysql] [bug]

Enhanced MySQL/MariaDB version string parsing to accommodate for exotic MariaDB version strings where the “MariaDB” word is embedded among other alphanumeric characters such as “MariaDBV1”. This detection is critical in order to correctly accommodate for API features that have split between MySQL and MariaDB such as the “transaction_isolation” system variable.

References: #4624

[sqlite] [usecase]

Added support for composite (tuple) IN operators with SQLite, by rendering the VALUES keyword for this backend. As other backends such as DB2 are known to use the same syntax, the syntax is enabled in the base compiler using a dialect-level flag tuple_in_values. The change also includes support for “empty IN tuple” expressions for SQLite when using “in_()” between a tuple value and an empty set.

References: #4766

[mssql] [bug]

Ensured that the queries used to reflect indexes and view definitions will explicitly CAST string parameters into NVARCHAR, as many SQL Server drivers frequently treat string values, particularly those with non-ascii characters or larger string values, as TEXT which often don’t compare correctly against VARCHAR characters in SQL Server’s information schema tables for some reason. These CAST operations already take place for reflection queries against SQL Server information_schema. tables but were missing from three additional queries that are against sys. tables.

References: #4745

[orm] [bug]

Fixed a series of related bugs regarding joined table inheritance more than two levels deep, in conjunction with modification to primary key values, where those primary key columns are also linked together in a foreign key relationship as is typical for joined table inheritance. The intermediary table in a three-level inheritance hierarchy will now get its UPDATE if only the primary key value has changed and passive_updates=False (e.g. foreign key constraints not being enforced), whereas before it would be skipped; similarly, with passive_updates=True (e.g. ON UPDATE CASCADE in effect), the third-level table will not receive an UPDATE statement as was the case earlier which would fail since CASCADE already modified it. In a related issue, a relationship linked to a three-level inheritance hierarchy on the primary key of an intermediary table of a joined-inheritance hierarchy will also correctly have its foreign key column updated when the parent object’s primary key is modified, even if that parent object is a subclass of the linked parent class, whereas before these classes would not be counted.

References: #4723

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where the Mapper.all_orm_descriptors accessor would return an entry for the Mapper itself under the declarative __mapper___ key, when this is not a descriptor. The .is_attribute flag that’s present on all InspectionAttr objects is now consulted, which has also been modified to be True for an association proxy, as it was erroneously set to False for this object.

References: #4729

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression in Query.join() where the aliased=True flag would not properly apply clause adaptation to filter criteria, if a previous join were made to the same entity. This is because the adapters were placed in the wrong order. The order has been reversed so that the adapter for the most recent aliased=True call takes precedence as was the case in 1.2 and earlier. This broke the “elementtree” examples among other things.

References: #4704

[orm] [bug] [py3k]

Replaced the Python compatbility routines for getfullargspec() with a fully vendored version from Python 3.3. Originally, Python was emitting deprecation warnings for this function in Python 3.8 alphas. While this change was reverted, it was observed that Python 3 implementations for getfullargspec() are an order of magnitude slower as of the 3.4 series where it was rewritten against Signature. While Python plans to improve upon this situation, SQLAlchemy projects for now are using a simple replacement to avoid any future issues.

References: #4674

[orm] [bug]

Reworked the attribute mechanics used by AliasedClass to no longer rely upon calling __getattribute__ on the MRO of the wrapped class, and to instead resolve the attribute normally on the wrapped class using getattr(), and then unwrap/adapt that. This allows a greater range of attribute styles on the mapped class including special __getattr__() schemes; but it also makes the code simpler and more resilient in general.

References: #4694

[sql] [bug]

Fixed a series of quoting issues which all stemmed from the concept of the literal_column() construct, which when being “proxied” through a subquery to be referred towards by a label that matches its text, the label would not have quoting rules applied to it, even if the string in the Label were set up as a quoted_name construct. Not applying quoting to the text of the Label is a bug because this text is strictly a SQL identifier name and not a SQL expression, and the string should not have quotes embedded into it already unlike the literal_column() which it may be applied towards. The existing behavior of a non-labeled literal_column() being propagated as is on the outside of a subquery is maintained in order to help with manual quoting schemes, although it’s not clear if valid SQL can be generated for such a construct in any case.

References: #4730

[postgresql] [usecase]

Added support for column sorting flags when reflecting indexes for PostgreSQL, including ASC, DESC, NULLSFIRST, NULLSLAST. Also adds this facility to the reflection system in general which can be applied to other dialects in future releases. Pull request courtesy Eli Collins.

References: #4717

[postgresql] [bug]

Fixed bug where PostgreSQL dialect could not correctly reflect an ENUM datatype that has no members, returning a list with None for the get_enums() call and raising a TypeError when reflecting a column which has such a datatype. The inspection now returns an empty list.

References: #4701

[mysql] [bug]

Fixed bug where MySQL ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE would not accommodate setting a column to the value NULL. Pull request courtesy Lukáš Banič.

References: #4715

[orm] [bug]

Fixed issue where the AttributeEvents.active_history flag would not be set for an event listener that propgated to a subclass via the AttributeEvents.propagate flag. This bug has been present for the full span of the AttributeEvents system.

References: #4695

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression where new association proxy system was still not proxying hybrid attributes when they made use of the @hybrid_property.expression decorator to return an alternate SQL expression, or when the hybrid returned an arbitrary PropComparator, at the expression level. This involved further generalization of the heuristics used to detect the type of object being proxied at the level of QueryableAttribute, to better detect if the descriptor ultimately serves mapped classes or column expressions.

References: #4690

[orm] [bug]

Applied the mapper “configure mutex” against the declarative class mapping process, to guard against the race which can occur if mappers are used while dynamic module import schemes are still in the process of configuring mappers for related classes. This does not guard against all possible race conditions, such as if the concurrent import has not yet encountered the dependent classes as of yet, however it guards against as much as possible within the SQLAlchemy declarative process.

References: #4686

[orm] [bug]

A warning is now emitted for the case where a transient object is being merged into the session with Session.merge() when that object is already transient in the Session. This warns for the case where the object would normally be double-inserted.

References: #4647

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression in new relationship m2o comparison logic first introduced at Improvement to the behavior of many-to-one query expressions when comparing to an attribute that is persisted as NULL and is in an un-fetched state in the mapped instance. Since the attribute has no explicit default, it needs to default to NULL when accessed in a persistent setting.

References: #4676

[engine] [bug] [postgresql]

Moved the “rollback” which occurs during dialect initialization so that it occurs after additional dialect-specific initialize steps, in particular those of the psycopg2 dialect which would inadvertently leave transactional state on the first new connection, which could interfere with some psycopg2-specific APIs which require that no transaction is started. Pull request courtesy Matthew Wilkes.

References: #4663

[sql] [bug]

Fixed that the GenericFunction class was inadvertently registering itself as one of the named functions. Pull request courtesy Adrien Berchet.

References: #4653

[sql] [bug]

Fixed issue where double negation of a boolean column wouldn’t reset the “NOT” operator.

References: #4618

[sql] [bug]

The GenericFunction namespace is being migrated so that function names are looked up in a case-insensitive manner, as SQL functions do not collide on case sensitive differences nor is this something which would occur with user-defined functions or stored procedures. Lookups for functions declared with GenericFunction now use a case insensitive scheme, however a deprecation case is supported which allows two or more GenericFunction objects with the same name of different cases to exist, which will cause case sensitive lookups to occur for that particular name, while emitting a warning at function registration time. Thanks to Adrien Berchet for a lot of work on this complicated feature.

References: #4569

[postgresql] [bug] [orm]

Fixed an issue where the “number of rows matched” warning would emit even if the dialect reported “supports_sane_multi_rowcount=False”, as is the case for psycogp2 with use_batch_mode=True and others.

References: #4661

[mysql] [bug]

Added support for DROP CHECK constraint which is required by MySQL 8.0.16 to drop a CHECK constraint; MariaDB supports plain DROP CONSTRAINT. The logic distinguishes between the two syntaxes by checking the server version string for MariaDB presence. Alembic migrations has already worked around this issue by implementing its own DROP for MySQL / MariaDB CHECK constraints, however this change implements it straight in Core so that its available for general use. Pull request courtesy Hannes Hansen.

References: #4650

[mssql] [feature]

Added support for SQL Server filtered indexes, via the mssql_where parameter which works similarly to that of the postgresql_where index function in the PostgreSQL dialect.

References: #4657

[mssql] [bug]

Added error code 20047 to “is_disconnect” for pymssql. Pull request courtesy Jon Schuff.

References: #4680

[misc] [bug]

Removed errant “sqla_nose.py” symbol from MANIFEST.in which created an undesirable warning message.

References: #4625

[orm] [bug]

Fixed 1.3 regression in new “ambiguous FROMs” query logic introduced in Query.join() handles ambiguity in deciding the “left” side more explicitly where a Query that explicitly places an entity in the FROM clause with Query.select_from() and also joins to it using Query.join() would later cause an “ambiguous FROM” error if that entity were used in additional joins, as the entity appears twice in the “from” list of the Query. The fix resolves this ambiguity by folding the standalone entity into the join that it’s already a part of in the same way that ultimately happens when the SELECT statement is rendered.

References: #4584

[orm] [bug]

Adjusted the Query.filter_by() method to not call and() internally against multiple criteria, instead passing it off to Query.filter() as a series of criteria, instead of a single criteria. This allows Query.filter_by() to defer to Query.filter()’s treatment of variable numbers of clauses, including the case where the list is empty. In this case, the Query object will not have a .whereclause, which allows subsequent “no whereclause” methods like Query.select_from() to behave consistently.

References: #4606

[postgresql] [bug]

Fixed regression from release 1.3.2 caused by #4562 where a URL that contained only a query string and no hostname, such as for the purposes of specifying a service file with connection information, would no longer be propagated to psycopg2 properly. The change in #4562 has been adjusted to further suit psycopg2’s exact requirements, which is that if there are any connection parameters whatsoever, the “dsn” parameter is no longer required, so in this case the query string parameters are passed alone.

References: #4601

[mssql] [bug]

Fixed issue in SQL Server dialect where if a bound parameter were present in an ORDER BY expression that would ultimately not be rendered in the SQL Server version of the statement, the parameters would still be part of the execution parameters, leading to DBAPI-level errors. Pull request courtesy Matt Lewellyn.

References: #4587

[bug] [pool]

Fixed behavioral regression as a result of deprecating the “use_threadlocal” flag for Pool, where the SingletonThreadPool no longer makes use of this option which causes the “rollback on return” logic to take place when the same Engine is used multiple times in the context of a transaction to connect or implicitly execute, thereby cancelling the transaction. While this is not the recommended way to work with engines and connections, it is nonetheless a confusing behavioral change as when using SingletonThreadPool, the transaction should stay open regardless of what else is done with the same engine in the same thread. The use_threadlocal flag remains deprecated however the SingletonThreadPool now implements its own version of the same logic.

References: #4585

[bug] [ext]

Fixed bug where using copy.copy() or copy.deepcopy() on MutableList would cause the items within the list to be duplicated, due to an inconsistency in how Python pickle and copy both make use of __getstate__() and __setstate__() regarding lists. In order to resolve, a __reduce_ex__ method had to be added to MutableList. In order to maintain backwards compatibility with existing pickles based on __getstate__(), the __setstate__() method remains as well; the test suite asserts that pickles made against the old version of the class can still be deserialized by the pickle module.

References: #4603

[orm] [bug] [ext]

Restored instance-level support for plain Python descriptors, e.g. @property objects, in conjunction with association proxies, in that if the proxied object is not within ORM scope at all, it gets classified as “ambiguous” but is proxed directly. For class level access, a basic class level``__get__()`` now returns the AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance directly, rather than raising its exception, which is the closest approximation to the previous behavior that returned the AssociationProxy itself that’s possible. Also improved the stringification of these objects to be more descriptive of current state.

References: #4573, #4574

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where use of with_polymorphic() or other aliased construct would not properly adapt when the aliased target were used as the Select.correlate_except() target of a subquery used inside of a column_property(). This required a fix to the clause adaption mechanics to properly handle a selectable that shows up in the “correlate except” list, in a similar manner as which occurs for selectables that show up in the “correlate” list. This is ultimately a fairly fundamental bug that has lasted for a long time but it is hard to come across it.

References: #4537

[orm] [bug]

Fixed regression where a new error message that was supposed to raise when attempting to link a relationship option to an AliasedClass without using PropComparator.of_type() would instead raise an AttributeError. Note that in 1.3, it is no longer valid to create an option path from a plain mapper relationship to an AliasedClass without using PropComparator.of_type().

References: #4566

[sql] [bug] [documentation]

Thanks to TypeEngine methods bind_expression, column_expression work with Variant, type-specific types, we no longer need to rely on recipes that subclass dialect-specific types directly, TypeDecorator can now handle all cases. Additionally, the above change made it slightly less likely that a direct subclass of a base SQLAlchemy type would work as expected, which could be misleading. Documentation has been updated to use TypeDecorator for these examples including the PostgreSQL “ArrayOfEnum” example datatype and direct support for the “subclass a type directly” has been removed.

References: #4580

[postgresql] [feature]

Added support for parameter-less connection URLs for the psycopg2 dialect, meaning, the URL can be passed to create_engine() as "postgresql+psycopg2://" with no additional arguments to indicate an empty DSN passed to libpq, which indicates to connect to “localhost” with no username, password, or database given. Pull request courtesy Julian Mehnle.

References: #4562

[postgresql] [bug]

Modified the Select.with_for_update.of parameter so that if a join or other composed selectable is passed, the individual Table objects will be filtered from it, allowing one to pass a join() object to the parameter, as occurs normally when using joined table inheritance with the ORM. Pull request courtesy Raymond Lu.

References: #4550

[orm] [bug] [ext]

Fixed regression where an association proxy linked to a synonym would no longer work, both at instance level and at class level.

References: #4522

[mssql] [bug]

A commit() is emitted after an isolation level change to SNAPSHOT, as both pyodbc and pymssql open an implicit transaction which blocks subsequent SQL from being emitted in the current transaction.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.19

References: #4536

[mssql] [bug]

Fixed regression in SQL Server reflection due to #4393 where the removal of open-ended **kw from the Float datatype caused reflection of this type to fail due to a “scale” argument being passed.

References: #4525

[orm] [feature]

The Query.get() method can now accept a dictionary of attribute keys and values as a means of indicating the primary key value to load; is particularly useful for composite primary keys. Pull request courtesy Sanjana S.

References: #4316

[orm] [feature]

A SQL expression can now be assigned to a primary key attribute for an ORM flush in the same manner as ordinary attributes as described in Embedding SQL Insert/Update Expressions into a Flush where the expression will be evaulated and then returned to the ORM using RETURNING, or in the case of pysqlite, works using the cursor.lastrowid attribute.Requires either a database that supports RETURNING (e.g. Postgresql, Oracle, SQL Server) or pysqlite.

References: #3133

[engine] [feature]

Revised the formatting for StatementError when stringified. Each error detail is broken up over multiple newlines instead of spaced out on a single line. Additionally, the SQL representation now stringifies the SQL statement rather than using repr(), so that newlines are rendered as is. Pull request courtesy Nate Clark.

References: #4500

[sql] [bug]

The Alias class and related subclasses CTE, Lateral and TableSample have been reworked so that it is not possible for a user to construct the objects directly. These constructs require that the standalone construction function or selectable-bound method be used to instantiate new objects.

References: #4509

[schema] [feature]

Added new parameters Table.resolve_fks and MetaData.reflect.resolve_fks which when set to False will disable the automatic reflection of related tables encountered in ForeignKey objects, which can both reduce SQL overhead for omitted tables as well as avoid tables that can’t be reflected for database-specific reasons. Two Table objects present in the same MetaData collection can still refer to each other even if the reflection of the two tables occurred separately.

References: #4517

[orm] [bug]

Improved the behavior of orm.with_polymorphic() in conjunction with loader options, in particular wildcard operations as well as orm.load_only(). The polymorphic object will be more accurately targeted so that column-level options on the entity will correctly take effect.The issue is a continuation of the same kinds of things fixed in #4468.

References: #4469

[bug] [declarative] [orm]

Added some helper exceptions that invoke when a mapping based on AbstractConcreteBase, DeferredReflection, or AutoMap is used before the mapping is ready to be used, which contain descriptive information on the class, rather than falling through into other failure modes that are less informative.

References: #4470

[sql] [bug]

Fully removed the behavior of strings passed directly as components of a select() or Query object being coerced to text() constructs automatically; the warning that has been emitted is now an ArgumentError or in the case of order_by() / group_by() a CompileError. This has emitted a warning since version 1.0 however its presence continues to create concerns for the potential of mis-use of this behavior.

Note that public CVEs have been posted for order_by() / group_by() which are resolved by this commit: CVE-2019-7164 CVE-2019-7548

References: #4481

[sql] [bug]

Quoting is applied to Function names, those which are usually but not necessarily generated from the sql.func construct, at compile time if they contain illegal characters, such as spaces or punctuation. The names are as before treated as case insensitive however, meaning if the names contain uppercase or mixed case characters, that alone does not trigger quoting. The case insensitivity is currently maintained for backwards compatibility.

References: #4467

[sql] [bug]

Added “SQL phrase validation” to key DDL phrases that are accepted as plain strings, including ForeignKeyConstraint.on_delete, ForeignKeyConstraint.on_update, ExcludeConstraint.using, ForeignKeyConstraint.initially, for areas where a series of SQL keywords only are expected.Any non-space characters that suggest the phrase would need to be quoted will raise a CompileError. This change is related to the series of changes committed as part of #4481.

References: #4481

[postgresql] [bug]

Fixed issue where using an uppercase name for an index type (e.g. GIST, BTREE, etc. ) or an EXCLUDE constraint would treat it as an identifier to be quoted, rather than rendering it as is. The new behavior converts these types to lowercase and ensures they contain only valid SQL characters.

References: #4473

[bug] [ext]

Implemented a more comprehensive assignment operation (e.g. “bulk replace”) when using association proxy with sets or dictionaries. Fixes the problem of redundant proxy objects being created to replace the old ones, which leads to excessive events and SQL and in the case of unique constraints will cause the flush to fail.

References: #2642

[change] [tests]

The test system has removed support for Nose, which is unmaintained for several years and is producing warnings under Python 3. The test suite is currently standardized on Pytest. Pull request courtesy Parth Shandilya.

References: #4460

[general] [change]

A large change throughout the library has ensured that all objects, parameters, and behaviors which have been noted as deprecated or legacy now emit DeprecationWarning warnings when invoked.As the Python 3 interpreter now defaults to displaying deprecation warnings, as well as that modern test suites based on tools like tox and pytest tend to display deprecation warnings, this change should make it easier to note what API features are obsolete. A major rationale for this change is so that long- deprecated features that nonetheless still see continue to see real world use can finally be removed in the near future; the biggest example of this are the SessionExtension and MapperExtension classes as well as a handful of other pre-event extension hooks, which have been deprecated since version 0.7 but still remain in the library. Another is that several major longstanding behaviors are to be deprecated as well, including the threadlocal engine strategy, the convert_unicode flag, and non primary mappers.

References: #4393

[orm] [feature]

Implemented a new feature whereby the AliasedClass construct can now be used as the target of a relationship(). This allows the concept of “non primary mappers” to no longer be necessary, as the AliasedClass is much easier to configure and automatically inherits all the relationships of the mapped class, as well as preserves the ability for loader options to work normally.

References: #4423

[orm] [feature]

Added new MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured() event. This event complements the other “configure” stage mapper events with a per mapper event that receives each Mapper right before its configure step, and additionally may be used to prevent or delay the configuration of specific Mapper objects using a new return value orm.interfaces.EXT_SKIP. See the documentation link for an example.

References: #4397

[orm] [bug]

Fixed long-standing issue where duplicate collection members would cause a backref to delete the association between the member and its parent object when one of the duplicates were removed, as occurs as a side effect of swapping two objects in one statement.

References: #1103

[orm] [bug]

Extended the fix first made as part of #3287, where a loader option made against a subclass using a wildcard would extend itself to include application of the wildcard to attributes on the super classes as well, to a “bound” loader option as well, e.g. in an expression like Load(SomeSubClass).load_only('foo'). Columns that are part of the parent class of SomeSubClass will also be excluded in the same way as if the unbound option load_only('foo') were used.

References: #4373

[orm] [bug]

Improved error messages emitted by the ORM in the area of loader option traversal. This includes early detection of mis-matched loader strategies along with a clearer explanation why these strategies don’t match.

References: #4433

[orm] [bug]

The “remove” event for collections is now called before the item is removed in the case of the collection.remove() method, as is consistent with the behavior for most other forms of collection item removal (such as __delitem__, replacement under __setitem__). For pop() methods, the remove event still fires after the operation.

[orm] [bug] [engine]

Added accessors for execution options to Core and ORM, via Query.get_execution_options(), Connection.get_execution_options(), Engine.get_execution_options(), and Executable.get_execution_options(). PR courtesy Daniel Lister.

References: #4464

[orm] [bug]

Fixed issue in association proxy due to #3423 which caused the use of custom PropComparator objects with hybrid attributes, such as the one demonstrated in the dictlike-polymorphic example to not function within an association proxy. The strictness that was added in #3423 has been relaxed, and additional logic to accommodate for an association proxy that links to a custom hybrid have been added.

References: #4446

[orm] [bug]

Implemented the .get_history() method, which also implies availability of AttributeState.history, for synonym() attributes. Previously, trying to access attribute history via a synonym would raise an AttributeError.

References: #3777

[orm] [change]

Added a new function close_all_sessions() which takes over the task of the Session.close_all() method, which is now deprecated as this is confusing as a classmethod. Pull request courtesy Augustin Trancart.

References: #4412

[orm declarative] [bug]

Added a __clause_element__() method to ColumnProperty which can allow the usage of a not-fully-declared column or deferred attribute in a declarative mapped class slightly more friendly when it’s used in a constraint or other column-oriented scenario within the class declaration, though this still can’t work in open-ended expressions; prefer to call the ColumnProperty.expression attribute if receiving TypeError.

References: #4372

[engine] [feature]

Added public accessor QueuePool.timeout() that returns the configured timeout for a QueuePool object. Pull request courtesy Irina Delamare.

References: #3689

[engine] [change]

The “threadlocal” engine strategy which has been a legacy feature of SQLAlchemy since around version 0.2 is now deprecated, along with the Pool.threadlocal parameter of Pool which has no effect in most modern use cases.

References: #4393

[sql] [feature]

Amended the AnsiFunction class, the base of common SQL functions like CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, to accept positional arguments like a regular ad-hoc function. This to suit the case that many of these functions on specific backends accept arguments such as “fractional seconds” precision and such. If the function is created with arguments, it renders the parenthesis and the arguments. If no arguments are present, the compiler generates the non-parenthesized form.

References: #4386

[sql] [change]

The create_engine.convert_unicode and String.convert_unicode parameters have been deprecated. These parameters were built back when most Python DBAPIs had little to no support for Python Unicode objects, and SQLAlchemy needed to take on the very complex task of marshalling data and SQL strings between Unicode and bytestrings throughout the system in a performant way. Thanks to Python 3, DBAPIs were compelled to adapt to Unicode-aware APIs and today all DBAPIs supported by SQLAlchemy support Unicode natively, including on Python 2, allowing this long-lived and very complicated feature to finally be (mostly) removed. There are still of course a few Python 2 edge cases where SQLAlchemy has to deal with Unicode however these are handled automatically; in modern use, there should be no need for end-user interaction with these flags.

References: #4393

[mssql] [bug]

The literal_processor for the Unicode and UnicodeText datatypes now render an N character in front of the literal string expression as required by SQL Server for Unicode string values rendered in SQL expressions.

References: #4442

[bug] [ext]

Fixed a regression in 1.3.0b1 caused by #3423 where association proxy objects that access an attribute that’s only present on a polymorphic subclass would raise an AttributeError even though the actual instance being accessed was an instance of that subclass.

References: #4401

[orm] [feature]

Added new feature Query.only_return_tuples(). Causes the Query object to return keyed tuple objects unconditionally even if the query is against a single entity. Pull request courtesy Eric Atkin.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.5

[orm] [feature]

Added new flag Session.bulk_save_objects.preserve_order to the Session.bulk_save_objects() method, which defaults to True. When set to False, the given mappings will be grouped into inserts and updates per each object type, to allow for greater opportunities to batch common operations together. Pull request courtesy Alessandro Cucci.

[orm] [feature]

The “selectin” loader strategy now omits the JOIN in the case of a simple one-to-many load, where it instead relies loads only from the related table, relying upon the foreign key columns of the related table in order to match up to primary keys in the parent table. This optimization can be disabled by setting the relationship.omit_join flag to False. Many thanks to Jayson Reis for the efforts on this.

References: #4340

[orm] [feature]

Added .info dictionary to the InstanceState class, the object that comes from calling inspect() on a mapped object.

References: #4257

[orm] [bug]

Fixed bug where use of Lateral construct in conjunction with Query.join() as well as Query.select_entity_from() would not apply clause adaption to the right side of the join. “lateral” introduces the use case of the right side of a join being correlatable. Previously, adaptation of this clause wasn’t considered. Note that in 1.2 only, a selectable introduced by Query.subquery() is still not adapted due to #4304; the selectable needs to be produced by the select() function to be the right side of the “lateral” join.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.12

References: #4334

[orm] [bug]

Fixed issue regarding passive_deletes=”all”, where the foreign key attribute of an object is maintained with its value even after the object is removed from its parent collection. Previously, the unit of work would set this to NULL even though passive_deletes indicated it should not be modified.

References: #3844

[orm] [bug]

Improved the behavior of a relationship-bound many-to-one object expression such that the retrieval of column values on the related object are now resilient against the object being detached from its parent Session, even if the attribute has been expired. New features within the InstanceState are used to memoize the last known value of a particular column attribute before its expired, so that the expression can still evaluate when the object is detached and expired at the same time. Error conditions are also improved using modern attribute state features to produce more specific messages as needed.

References: #4359

[orm] [bug] [mysql] [postgresql]

The ORM now doubles the “FOR UPDATE” clause within the subquery that renders in conjunction with joined eager loading in some cases, as it has been observed that MySQL does not lock the rows from a subquery. This means the query renders with two FOR UPDATE clauses; note that on some backends such as Oracle, FOR UPDATE clauses on subqueries are silently ignored since they are unnecessary. Additionally, in the case of the “OF” clause used primarily with PostgreSQL, the FOR UPDATE is rendered only on the inner subquery when this is used so that the selectable can be targeted to the table within the SELECT statement.

References: #4246

[orm] [bug]

Refactored Query.join() to further clarify the individual components of structuring the join. This refactor adds the ability for Query.join() to determine the most appropriate “left” side of the join when there is more than one element in the FROM list or the query is against multiple entities. If more than one FROM/entity matches, an error is raised that asks for an ON clause to be specified to resolve the ambiguity. In particular this targets the regression we saw in #4363 but is also of general use. The codepaths within Query.join() are now easier to follow and the error cases are decided more specifically at an earlier point in the operation.

References: #4365

[orm] [bug]

Fixed long-standing issue in Query where a scalar subquery such as produced by Query.exists(), Query.as_scalar() and other derivations from Query.statement would not correctly be adapted when used in a new Query that required entity adaptation, such as when the query were turned into a union, or a from_self(), etc. The change removes the “no adaptation” annotation from the select() object produced by the Query.statement accessor.

References: #4304

[orm] [bug]

An informative exception is re-raised when a primary key value is not sortable in Python during an ORM flush under Python 3, such as an Enum that has no __lt__() method; normally Python 3 raises a TypeError in this case. The flush process sorts persistent objects by primary key in Python so the values must be sortable.

References: #4232

[orm] [bug]

Removed the collection converter used by the MappedCollection class. This converter was used only to assert that the incoming dictionary keys matched that of their corresponding objects, and only during a bulk set operation. The converter can interfere with a custom validator or AttributeEvents.bulk_replace() listener that wants to convert incoming values further. The TypeError which would be raised by this converter when an incoming key didn’t match the value is removed; incoming values during a bulk assignment will be keyed to their value-generated key, and not the key that’s explicitly present in the dictionary.

Overall, @converter is superseded by the AttributeEvents.bulk_replace() event handler added as part of #3896.

References: #3604

[orm] [bug]

Added new behavior to the lazy load that takes place when the “old” value of a many-to-one is retrieved, such that exceptions which would be raised due to either lazy="raise" or a detached session error are skipped.

References: #4353

[orm] [bug]

A long-standing oversight in the ORM, the __delete__ method for a many- to-one relationship was non-functional, e.g. for an operation such as del a.b. This is now implemented and is equivalent to setting the attribute to None.

References: #4354

[bug] [declarative] [orm]

Fixed bug where declarative would not update the state of the Mapper as far as what attributes were present, when additional attributes were added or removed after the mapper attribute collections had already been called and memoized. Additionally, a NotImplementedError is now raised if a fully mapped attribute (e.g. column, relationship, etc.) is deleted from a class that is currently mapped, since the mapper will not function correctly if the attribute has been removed.

References: #4133

[engine] [feature]

Added new “lifo” mode to QueuePool, typically enabled by setting the flag create_engine.pool_use_lifo to True. “lifo” mode means the same connection just checked in will be the first to be checked out again, allowing excess connections to be cleaned up from the server side during periods of the pool being only partially utilized. Pull request courtesy Taem Park.

[sql] [feature]

Refactored SQLCompiler to expose a SQLCompiler.group_by_clause() method similar to the SQLCompiler.order_by_clause() and SQLCompiler.limit_clause() methods, which can be overridden by dialects to customize how GROUP BY renders. Pull request courtesy Samuel Chou.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.13

[sql] [feature]

Added Sequence to the “string SQL” system that will render a meaningful string expression ("<next sequence value: my_sequence>") when stringifying without a dialect a statement that includes a “sequence nextvalue” expression, rather than raising a compilation error.

References: #4144

[sql] [feature]

Added new naming convention tokens column_0N_name, column_0_N_name, etc., which will render the names / keys / labels for all columns referenced by a particular constraint in a sequence. In order to accommodate for the length of such a naming convention, the SQL compiler’s auto-truncation feature now applies itself to constraint names as well, which creates a shortened, deterministically generated name for the constraint that will apply to a target backend without going over the character limit of that backend.

The change also repairs two other issues. One is that the column_0_key token wasn’t available even though this token was documented, the other was that the referred_column_0_name token would inadvertently render the .key and not the .name of the column if these two values were different.

References: #3989

[sql] [feature]

Added new logic to the “expanding IN” bound parameter feature whereby if the given list is empty, a special “empty set” expression that is specific to different backends is generated, thus allowing IN expressions to be fully dynamic including empty IN expressions.

References: #4271

[sql] [feature]

The Python builtin dir() is now supported for a SQLAlchemy “properties” object, such as that of a Core columns collection (e.g. .c), mapper.attrs, etc. Allows iPython autocompletion to work as well. Pull request courtesy Uwe Korn.

[sql] [feature]

Added new feature FunctionElement.as_comparison() which allows a SQL function to act as a binary comparison operation that can work within the ORM.

References: #3831

[sql] [bug]

Added “like” based operators as “comparison” operators, including ColumnOperators.startswith() ColumnOperators.endswith() ColumnOperators.ilike() ColumnOperators.notilike() among many others, so that all of these operators can be the basis for an ORM “primaryjoin” condition.

References: #4302

[sql] [bug]

Fixed issue with TypeEngine.bind_expression() and TypeEngine.column_expression() methods where these methods would not work if the target type were part of a Variant, or other target type of a TypeDecorator. Additionally, the SQL compiler now calls upon the dialect-level implementation when it renders these methods so that dialects can now provide for SQL-level processing for built-in types.

References: #3981

[postgresql] [feature]

Added new PG type postgresql.REGCLASS which assists in casting table names to OID values. Pull request courtesy Sebastian Bank.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.7

References: #4160

[postgresql] [feature]

Added rudimental support for reflection of PostgreSQL partitioned tables, e.g. that relkind=’p’ is added to reflection queries that return table information.

References: #4237

[mysql] [feature]

Support added for the “WITH PARSER” syntax of CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX in MySQL, using the mysql_with_parser keyword argument. Reflection is also supported, which accommodates MySQL’s special comment format for reporting on this option as well. Additionally, the “FULLTEXT” and “SPATIAL” index prefixes are now reflected back into the mysql_prefix index option.

References: #4219

[mysql] [feature]

Added support for the parameters in an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement on MySQL to be ordered, since parameter order in a MySQL UPDATE clause is significant, in a similar manner as that described at Parameter-Ordered Updates. Pull request courtesy Maxim Bublis.

[mysql] [feature]

The “pre-ping” feature of the connection pool now uses the ping() method of the DBAPI connection in the case of mysqlclient, PyMySQL and mysql-connector-python. Pull request courtesy Maxim Bublis.

[sqlite] [feature]

Added support for SQLite’s json functionality via the new SQLite implementation for types.JSON, sqlite.JSON. The name used for the type is JSON, following an example found at SQLite’s own documentation. Pull request courtesy Ilja Everilä.

References: #3850

[sqlite] [feature]

Implemented the SQLite ON CONFLICT clause as understood at the DDL level, e.g. for primary key, unique, and CHECK constraints as well as specified on a Column to satisfy inline primary key and NOT NULL. Pull request courtesy Denis Kataev.

References: #4360

[mssql] [feature]

Added fast_executemany=True parameter to the SQL Server pyodbc dialect, which enables use of pyodbc’s new performance feature of the same name when using Microsoft ODBC drivers.

References: #4158

[mssql] [bug]

Deprecated the use of Sequence with SQL Server in order to affect the “start” and “increment” of the IDENTITY value, in favor of new parameters mssql_identity_start and mssql_identity_increment which set these parameters directly. Sequence will be used to generate real CREATE SEQUENCE DDL with SQL Server in a future release.

References: #4362

[oracle] [feature]

Added a new event currently used only by the cx_Oracle dialect, DialectEvents.setiputsizes(). The event passes a dictionary of BindParameter objects to DBAPI-specific type objects that will be passed, after conversion to parameter names, to the cx_Oracle cursor.setinputsizes() method. This allows both visibility into the setinputsizes process as well as the ability to alter the behavior of what datatypes are passed to this method.

This change is also backported to: 1.2.9

References: #4290

[oracle] [bug]

Updated the parameters that can be sent to the cx_Oracle DBAPI to both allow for all current parameters as well as for future parameters not added yet. In addition, removed unused parameters that were deprecated in version 1.2, and additionally we are now defaulting “threaded” to False.

References: #4369

[oracle] [bug]

The Oracle dialect will no longer use the NCHAR/NCLOB datatypes represent generic unicode strings or clob fields in conjunction with Unicode and UnicodeText unless the flag use_nchar_for_unicode=True is passed to create_engine() - this includes CREATE TABLE behavior as well as setinputsizes() for bound parameters. On the read side, automatic Unicode conversion under Python 2 has been added to CHAR/VARCHAR/CLOB result rows, to match the behavior of cx_Oracle under Python 3. In order to mitigate the performance hit under Python 2, SQLAlchemy’s very performant (when C extensions are built) native Unicode handlers are used under Python 2.

References: #4242

[feature] [ext]

Added new attribute Query.lazy_loaded_from which is populated with an InstanceState that is using this Query in order to lazy load a relationship. The rationale for this is that it serves as a hint for the horizontal sharding feature to use, such that the identity token of the state can be used as the default identity token to use for the query within id_chooser().

This change is also backported to: 1.2.9

References: #4243

[feature] [ext]

Added new feature BakedQuery.to_query(), which allows for a clean way of using one BakedQuery as a subquery inside of another BakedQuery without needing to refer explicitly to a Session.

References: #4318

[feature] [ext]

The AssociationProxy now has standard column comparison operations such as ColumnOperators.like() and ColumnOperators.startswith() available when the target attribute is a plain column - the EXISTS expression that joins to the target table is rendered as usual, but the column expression is then use within the WHERE criteria of the EXISTS. Note that this alters the behavior of the .contains() method on the association proxy to make use of ColumnOperators.contains() when used on a column-based attribute.

References: #4351

[feature] [ext]

Added support for bulk Query.update() and Query.delete() to the ShardedQuery class within the horizontal sharding extension. This also adds an additional expansion hook to the bulk update/delete methods Query._execute_crud().

References: #4196

[bug] [ext]

Reworked AssociationProxy to store state that’s specific to a parent class in a separate object, so that a single AssociationProxy can serve for multiple parent classes, as is intrinsic to inheritance, without any ambiguity in the state returned by it. A new method AssociationProxy.for_class() is added to allow inspection of class-specific state.

References: #3423

[bug] [ext]

The long-standing behavior of the association proxy collection maintaining only a weak reference to the parent object is reverted; the proxy will now maintain a strong reference to the parent for as long as the proxy collection itself is also in memory, eliminating the “stale association proxy” error. This change is being made on an experimental basis to see if any use cases arise where it causes side effects.

References: #4268

[bug] [ext]

Fixed multiple issues regarding de-association of scalar objects with the association proxy. del now works, and additionally a new flag AssociationProxy.cascade_scalar_deletes is added, which when set to True indicates that setting a scalar attribute to None or deleting via del will also set the source association to None.

References: #4308